5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan (INN An International Nonproprietary Name is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization (WHO)[citation needed]. The plethora of named proprietary preparations containing a given substance can lead to confusion about the identity of the active ingredient. INNs), is a naturally-occurring A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. A natural product can be considered as such even if it can be prepared by total synthesis amino acid Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. These molecules contain the key elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula and chemical A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds precursor In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound. In biochemistry, the term "precursor" is used more specifically to refer to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway as well as metabolic intermediate Although these intermediates are of relatively minor direct importance to cellular function, they can play important roles in the allosteric regulation of enzymes in the biosynthesis Biosynthesis is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step. Examples for such multi-step biosynthetic pathways are those for the of the neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across the synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles that cluster beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic serotonin Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan, that is primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and central nervous system (CNS) of humans and animals. It is a well-known contributor to feelings of well-being and melatonin Melatonin (pronounced /ˌmɛləˈtoʊnɪn/ ), also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, circulating levels of melatonin vary in a daily cycle, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. Many biological effects of from tryptophan Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the D-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine.

5-HTP is sold over-the-counter Over-the-counter drugs are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a health care professional, as compared to prescription drugs, which may only be sold to consumers possessing a valid prescription. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they are ingredients that are in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three as a dietary supplement A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to supplement the diet and provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet. Some countries define dietary supplements as for use as an antidepressant An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication used to alleviate mood disorders, such as major depression and dysthymia and anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder. Drugs including the monoamine oxidase inhibitors , tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and, appetite suppressant An anorectic or anorexic , also known as anorexigenic or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplements and/or drug which reduces appetite, food consumption, and as a result, causes weight loss to occur, and sleep aid, and is also marketed in many European Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region (Specification of borders) and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered by the countries for the indication of major depression Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term "major depressive disorder" was selected by the American Psychiatric Association to designate this symptom cluster as a mood disorder under trade names like Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum.[1][2] Several double-blind A blind or blinded experiment is a scientific experiment where some of the persons involved are prevented from knowing certain information that might lead to conscious or unconscious bias on their part, invalidating the results placebo A placebo is a sham or simulated medical intervention that can produce a placebo effect. In medical research, placebos depend on the use of controlled and measured deception. Common placebos are inert tablets, sham surgery, and other procedures based on false information. In one common placebo procedure, a patient is given an inert pill, told that-controlled clinical trials Clinical Trials are conducted to allow safety and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions . These trials can take place only after satisfactory information has been gathered on the quality of the non-clinical safety, and Health Authority/Ethics Committee approval is granted in the country where the trial is taking place have demonstrated the effectiveness of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression,[1] though the quality of the studies has been disputed.[3]

Contents

Metabolism

5-HTP AAAD Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is a lyase enzyme Serotonin Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan, that is primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and central nervous system (CNS) of humans and animals. It is a well-known contributor to feelings of well-being
PLP Pyridoxal-phosphate is a prosthetic group of some enzymes. It is the active form of vitamin B6, which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine

5-Hydroxytryptophan is decarboxylated Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction which releases carbon dioxide . Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carbonation, the addition of CO2 to a compound. Enzymes that catalyze to serotonin Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, biochemically derived from tryptophan, that is primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and central nervous system (CNS) of humans and animals. It is a well-known contributor to feelings of well-being (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) by the enzyme Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Since enzymes are selective for their aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is a lyase enzyme with the help of Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B complex group. Several forms of the vitamin are known, but pyridoxal phosphate is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. PLP also is necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the.[4]

This reaction occurs both in nervous tissue and in the liver.[5] 5-HTP crosses the blood-brain barrier The blood-brain barrier is a separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that don't exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion of microscopic objects (e.g. bacteria) and large or [6], while 5-HT does not. Excess 5-HTP, especially when administered with Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B complex group. Several forms of the vitamin are known, but pyridoxal phosphate is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. PLP also is necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the, is thought to be metabolized and excreted.[7][8]

Pharmacology

The psychoactive action of 5-HTP is derived from its effect on the production of serotonin in central nervous system The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that coordinates the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish. It contains the majority of the nervous system and consists of the brain and the spinal cord, as well as tissue. More specifically, 5-HTP increases the production of serotonin.[9] Thus, it has been used to treat diseases, e.g. depression, for which the lack of serotonin is thought to be a contributing factor.[10]

Research shows that co-administration with carbidopa US FDA:link greatly increases plasma Blood plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells in whole blood would normally be suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid. It is mostly water and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon 5-HTP levels.[11] However, several studies have reported that 5-HTP is effective even without a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g. carbidopa).[12] Other studies have indicated the risk of a scleroderma Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis , vascular alterations, and autoantibodies. There are two major forms: Limited cutaneous scleroderma (or morphea) mainly affects the hands, arms and face, although pulmonary hypertension is frequent. Diffuse cutaneous scleroderma (or systemic sclerosis) is rapidly progressing-like condition resulting from the combination of 5-HTP and carbidopa.[13]

As a therapeutic supplement

Though 5-HTP is not found in food in any significant quantities, it is a chemical involved intermediately in the metabolism of tryptophan, an amino acid found in turkey, milk, potatoes, pumpkin, and various greens.[14] It is often sold as an over-the-counter therapeutic supplement. In this case, it is usually sourced from the seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia. 5-HTP in supplement form is typically sold in 50 mg or 100 mg gelatin Gelatin is a translucent, colorless, brittle (when dry), nearly tasteless solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals, photography, and cosmetic manufacturing. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar way are called gelatinous. Gelatin or vegetarian capsules.

Research

5-HTP has been studied and shown to be of benefit in the following conditions: primary fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia is a medical disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and allodynia, a heightened and painful response to pressure. Fibromyalgia symptoms are not restricted to pain, leading to the use of the alternative term fibromyalgia syndrome for the condition. Other symptoms include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint syndrome,[15] Friedreich's ataxia Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from gait disturbance and speech problems to heart disease,[16] depression, anxiety, binge eating Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is sometimes as a symptom of binge eating disorder. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive amount of food. Most people who have eating binges try to hide this behaviour from others, and often feel ashamed about being associated with obesity, and insomnia.[17] There is no statistically significant difference between 5-HTP and placebo in treating chronic headaches (primary A headache or cephalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck. The brain tissue itself is not sensitive to pain because it lacks pain receptors. Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the pain-sensitive structures around the brain. Several areas of the or otherwise).[18]

A 2001 meta-analysis found that of 108 studies on 5-HTP published between 1966 and 2000, only two met the authors' quality standards for inclusion. The two studies that were deemed of sufficient quality did not deal with 5-HTP exclusively, instead combining results for 5-HTP and tryptophan Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the D-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine, so the results may not be completely applicable for 5-HTP alone. While the combined analysis of the two 5-HTP and tryptophan studies showed significant effectiveness over placebo in treating depression, the authors state that overall "the evidence was of insufficient quality to be conclusive." They also state that "because alternative antidepressants exist which have been proven to be effective and safe, the clinical usefulness of 5-HTP and tryptophan is limited at present."[3]

Metabolic pathway from tryptophan to serotonin.

Possible risks or side effects

Because 5-HTP has not been thoroughly studied in a clinical setting, possible side effects and interactions with other drugs are not well known.

Administered serotonin has been shown to increase the risk of heart valve disease in animals.[19][20] 5-HTP has not been subjected to this test. Oral 5-HTP results in an increase in urinary 5-HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, indicating that 5-HTP is peripherally metabolized to serotonin, which is then metabolized. This might cause a false positive test in tests looking for carcinoid syndrome.[21]

5-HTP can cause hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It is the opposite of hypotension. It is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary. About 90-95% of cases are termed "primary hypertension", which refers to high blood pressure for which no medical cause by increasing plasma renin activity, when not co-administered with a peripheral The Peripheral Nervous System resides or extends outside the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs. Unlike the central nervous system, the PNS is not protected by bone or by the blood-brain barrier, leaving it exposed to toxins and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is a lyase enzyme inhibitor Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. They are also used as herbicides and pesticides. Not all molecules that bind to enzymes are inhibitors; enzyme activators bind to enzymes and, such as carbidopa US FDA:link or benserazide Benserazide is a peripherally-acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, which is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier [22].

Direct and indirect evidence for possible yet unproven risks and side effects associated with 5-HTP when overdosed:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Turner EH, Blackwell AD (2005). "5-Hydroxytryptophan plus SSRIs for interferon-induced depression: synergistic mechanisms for normalizing synaptic serotonin". Medical Hypotheses 65 (1): 138–44. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.01.026. PMID 15893130. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306-9877(05)00068-X.
  2. ^ Swiss Pharmaceutical Society (2000). Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory (Book with CD-ROM). Boca Raton: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. ISBN 3-88763-075-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&lpg=PA1528&pg=PA773#v=onepage&f=false.
  3. ^ a b Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C (2001). "Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (3): CD003198. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003198. PMID 11687048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003198.
  4. ^ Rahman MK, Nagatsu T, Sakurai T, Hori S, Abe M, Matsuda M (1982). "Effect of pyridoxal phosphate deficiency on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity with L-DOPA and L-5-hydroxytryptophan as substrates in rats". Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 32 (5): 803–11. doi:10.1254/jjp.32.803. PMID 6983619.
  5. ^ Bouchard S, Bousquet C, Roberge AG. Characteristics of dihydroxyphenylalanine/5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity in brain and liver of cat. J Neurochem. 1981 Sep;37(3):781-7. PMID 6974228
  6. ^ Gomes P, Soares-da-Silva P. (1999). "L-DOPA transport properties in an immortalised cell line of rat capillary cerebral endothelial cells, RBE 4.". Brain Res. 829 (1-2): 143–150. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01387-6. PMID 18445233.
  7. ^ Bouchard S, Roberge AG (1979). "Biochemical properties and kinetic parameters of dihydroxyphenylalanine--5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase in brain, liver, and adrenals of cat". Can. J. Biochem. 57 (7): 1014–8. PMID 39668.
  8. ^ Amamoto T, Sarai K (1976). "On the tryptophan-serotonin metabolism in manic-depressive disorders. Changes in plasma 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels and urinary 5-HIAA excretion following oral loading of L-5HTP in patients with depression". Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 25 (2-3): 135–40. PMID 1088369.
  9. ^ "5-HTP: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD". http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-794-5-HTP.aspx?activeIngredientId=794&activeIngredientName=5-HTP. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  10. ^ "Health.com: 5-hydroxytryptophan : Information on Uses, Dosage & Side Effects on Health.com". http://tools.health.com/natstandardcontent/5-htp-1#H7. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  11. ^ Magnussen I, Jensen TS, Rand JH, Van Woert MH (1981). "Plasma accumulation of metabolism of orally administered single dose L-5-hydroxytryptophan in man". Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica 49 (3): 184–9. PMID 6175178.
  12. ^ Birdsall TC (1998). "5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor". Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic 3 (4): 271–80. PMID 9727088.
  13. ^ Sternberg EM, Van Woert MH, Young SN, et al. (1980). "Development of a scleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa". N. Engl. J. Med. 303 (14): 782–7. PMID 6997735.
  14. ^ "5-Hydroxytryptophan". http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/5-hydroxytryptophan-000283.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  15. ^ Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V (1990). "Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome". The Journal of International Medical Research 18 (3): 201–9. PMID 2193835.
  16. ^ Trouillas P, Serratrice G, Laplane D, et al. (May 1995). "Levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan in Friedreich's ataxia. Results of a double-blind drug-placebo cooperative study". Archives of Neurology 52 (5): 456–60. PMID 7733839. http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7733839. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  17. ^ Birdsall TC (August 1998). "5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor". Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic 3 (4): 271–80. PMID 9727088. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/3/4/271.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  18. ^ De Benedittis G, Massei R (1985). "Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. placebo". Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 29 (3): 239–48. PMID 3913752.
  19. ^ a b Gustafsson BI, Tømmerås K, Nordrum I, Loennechen JP, Brunsvik A, Solligård E, Fossmark R, Bakke I, Syversen U, Waldum H (March 2005). "Long-term serotonin administration induces heart valve disease in rats". Circulation 111 (12): 1517–22. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000159356.42064.48. PMID 15781732.
  20. ^ a b Xu J, Jian B, Chu R, Lu Z, Li Q, Dunlop J, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, McGonigle P, Levy RJ, Liang B (December 2002). "Serotonin mechanisms in heart valve disease II: the 5-HT2 receptor and its signaling pathway in aortic valve interstitial cells". Am. J. Pathol. 161 (6): 2209–18. PMID 12466135. PMC 1850896. http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/abstract/161/6/2209.
  21. ^ PMID 18209781 Joy T, Walsh G, et al. Increase of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion but not serum chromogranin A following over-the-counter 5-hydroxytryptophan intake. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;22(1):49-53.
  22. ^ Barney CC, Threatte RM, Kikta DC, Fregly MJ. (June 1981). "Effects of serotonin and L-5-hydroxytryptophan on plasma renin activity in rats.". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 14 (6): 895–900. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90380-4. PMID 7019933.
  23. ^ Ma Z, Zhang G, Jenney C, Krishnamoorthy S, Tao R. (July 2008). "Characterization of serotonin-toxicity syndrome (toxidrome) elicited by 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan in clorgyline-pretreated rats.". Eur J Pharmacol. 588 (2-3): 198–206. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.004. PMID 18499101.
  24. ^ Izumi T, Iwamoto N, Kitaichi Y, Kato A, Inoue T, Koyama T. (2006). "Effects of co-administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on 5-HT-related behavior in rats.". Eur J Pharmacol. 532 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.075. PMID 16488409.
  25. ^ Jacobs G, Kamerling I, de Kam M, et al. (Nov 2008). "Enhanced tolerability of the 5-hydroxytryptophane challenge test combined with granisetron". J Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). doi:10.1177/0269881108094299. PMID 18719048.

Further reading

Antidepressants (N06A)
Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (RIs), Enhancers (REs), and Releasing Agents (RAs)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Alaproclate · Citalopram · Escitalopram · Femoxetine · Fluoxetine · Fluvoxamine · Indalpine · Ifoxetine · Litoxetine · Lubazodone · Paroxetine · Pirandamine · Seproxetine · Sertraline · Vilazodone · Zimelidine
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Bicifadine · Clovoxamine · Desvenlafaxine · Duloxetine · Levomilnacipran · Milnacipran · Sibutramine · Venlafaxine
Serotonin-Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNDRIs) Brasofensine · BTS-74,398 · Cocaine · Diclofensine · DOV-21,947 · DOV-102,677 · DOV-216,303 · EXP-561 · Fezolamine · JNJ-7,925,476 · NS-2359 · PRC200-SS · Pridefrine · SEP-225,289 · SEP-227,162 · Tesofensine
Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (NRIs) Atomoxetine/Tomoxetine · Binedaline · Ciclazindol · Esreboxetine · Mazindol · Nisoxetine · Reboxetine · Talopram · Talsupram · Tandamine · Viloxazine
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DRIs) Medifoxamine · Vanoxerine
Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRIs) Amineptine · Bupropion/Amfebutamone · Cilobamine · Manifaxine · Methylphenidate · Nomifensine · Radafaxine · Tametraline
Norepinephrine-Dopamine Releasing Agents (NDRAs) Amphetamine · Befuraline · Lisdexamfetamine · Methamphetamine · Phenethylamine · Piberaline · Tranylcypromine
Serotonin-Norepinephrine-Dopamine Releasing Agents (SNDRAs) 4-Methyl-αMT · αET/Etryptamine · αMT/Metryptamine
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Enhancers (SSREs) Tianeptine
Others Indeloxazine · Tramadol · Viqualine
Receptor Antagonists and/or Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin Antagonists and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs) Etoperidone · Nefazodone · Trazodone
Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressants (NaSSAs) Esmirtazapine · Mianserin · Mirtazapine · Setiptiline/Teciptiline
Norepinephrine-Dopamine Disinhibitors (NDDIs) Agomelatine
Serotonin Modulators and Stimulators (SMSs) Lu AA21004
Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Antidepressants (TCAs/TeCAs)
Tricyclics: Amineptine · Amitriptyline · Amitriptylinoxide · Azepindole · Butriptyline · Cianopramine · Clomipramine · Cotriptyline · Cyanodothiepin · Demexiptiline · Desipramine · Dibenzepine · Dimetacrine · Dosulepin/Dothiepin · Doxepin · Fluotracen · Hepzidine · Homopipramol · Imipramine · Imipraminoxide · Intriptyline · Iprindole · Ketipramine · Litracen · Lofepramine · Lortalamine · Losindole · Mariptiline · Melitracen · Metapramine · Mezepine · Naranol · Nitroxazepine · Nortriptyline · Noxiptiline · Octriptyline · Opipramol · Pipofezine · Propizepine · Protriptyline · Quinupramine · Tampramine · Tianeptine · Tienopramine · Trimipramine; Tetracyclics: 7-OH-Amoxapine · Amoxapine · Ciclazindol · Esmirtazapine · Loxapine · Maprotiline · Mazindol · Mianserin · Mirtazapine · Oxaprotiline · Setiptiline/Teciptiline
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Nonselective: Irreversible: Benmoxin · Echinopsidine · Iproclozide · Iproniazid · Isocarboxazid · Mebanazine · Metfendrazine · Nialamide · Octamoxin · Phenelzine · Pheniprazine · Phenoxypropazine · Pivalylbenzhydrazine · Safrazine · Tranylcypromine; Reversible: Caroxazone · Paraxazone; MAOA-Selective: Irreversible: Clorgyline; Reversible: Amiflamine · Bazinaprine · Befloxatone · Befol · Brofaromine · Cimoxatone · Esuperone · Harmala Alkaloids (Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrahydroharmine, Harman, Norharman, etc) · Methylene Blue · Metralindole · Minaprine · Moclobemide · Pirlindole · Sercloremine · Tetrindole · Toloxatone · Tyrima; MAOB-Selective: Irreversible: Ladostigil · Mofegiline · Pargyline · Rasagiline · Selegiline; Reversible: Lazabemide · Milacemide
Azapirones and Other 5-HT1A Receptor Agonists
Alnespirone · Aripiprazole · Befiradol · Buspirone · Eptapirone · Flesinoxan · Flibanserin · Gepirone · Ipsapirone · Oxaflozane · Tandospirone · Vilazodone · Zalospirone
Dietary Supplements (Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, etc)
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) · Fish Oil · Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) · L-5-HTP (Oxitriptan) · L-DOPA (Levodopa) · L-Methionine · L-Phenylalanine · L-Tryptophan · L-Tyrosine · Lithium · Magnesium · Melatonin · Niacin/Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) · Omega-3 Fatty Acids · Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) · Rubidium · SAMe · Zinc
Research Compounds and Miscellaneous Agents
5-HT4R Agonists RS-67,333 · SL65.0155
5-HT7R Antagonists Amisulpride
α2δ-VDCC Blockers Gabapentin · Pregabalin
β3-Adrenoceptor Agonists Amibegron · Solabegron
σ1R Agonists Opipramol
CB1R Agonists Nabilone · Tetrahydrocannabinol/Dronabinol
COMT Inhibitors Entacapone · Tolcapone
CRF1R Antagonists Antalarmin · CP-154,526 · Pexacerfont · Pivagabine
D2/D3 AR Antagonists Amisulpride · Sulpiride
D2/D3/D4 R Agonists Piribedil · Pramipexole · Ropinirole · Rotigotine · Roxindole
DOR Agonists BU-48 · Buprenorphine · BW373U86 · DPI-287 · Heroin · Kratom · SNC-80
Enkephalinase Inhibitors D-Phenylalanine · RB-101
FAAH Inhibitors Acetaminophen/Paracetamol · AM-404 · URB-597
KOR Antagonists 5-GNTI · Buprenorphine · JDTic · Norbinaltorphimine
MOR Agonists Buprenorphine · Codeine · Dextropropoxyphene · Dihydrocodeine · Fentanyl · Heroin · Hydrocodone · Hydromorphone · Kratom · Methadone · Morphine · Opium · Oxycodone · Oxymorphone · Pethidine/Meperidine · Tapentadol · Tramadol
MT1/MT2R Agonists Agomelatine · Melatonin · Ramelteon · Tasimelteon
NK1R Antagonists Aprepitant · Casopitant · Fosaprepitant · L-733,060 · Maropitant · Vestipitant
NMDAR Antagonists Dextromethorphan · Ketamine · Magnesium · Memantine · Zinc
PDE4 Inhibitors Mesembrine (Kanna) · Rolipram
TRPC6 Activators Adhyperforin (St. John's Wort) · Hyperforin (St. John's Wort)

: PSO/PSI

(, , , , , , ), /,

, drug(/////)
Anxiolytics (N05B)
GABAA PAMs
Benzodiazepine Adinazolam • Alprazolam • Bretazenil • Bromazepam • Camazepam • Chlordiazepoxide • Clobazam • Clonazepam • Clorazepate • Clotiazepam • Cloxazolam • Diazepam • Ethyl Loflazepate • Etizolam • Fludiazepam • Halazepam • Imidazenil • Ketazolam • Lorazepam • Medazepam • Nordazepam • Oxazepam • Pinazepam • Prazepam
Carbamates Emylcamate • Mebutamate • Meprobamate (Carisoprodol, Tybamate) • Phenprobamate • Procymate
Nonbenzodiazepines Abecarnil • Adipiplon • Alpidem • CGS-9896 • CGS-20625 • Divaplon • ELB-139 • Etifoxine • GBLD-345 • Gedocarnil • ICI-190,622 • L-838,417 • NS-2664 • NS-2710 • Ocinaplon • Pagoclone • Panadiplon • Pipequaline • RWJ-51204 • SB-205,384 • SL-651,498 • TP-003 • TP-13 • TPA-023 • Tracazolate • Y-23684 • ZK-93423
Others Chlormezanone • Etazolate • Ethanol (Alcohol) • Kavalactones (Kava Kava) • Skullcap • Valerenic Acid (Valerian)
α2δ VDCC Blockers Gabapentin • Pregabalin
5-HT1A Agonists Azapirones: Buspirone • Gepirone • Tandospirone; Others: Flesinoxan • Oxaflozane
H1 Antagonists Diphenylmethanes: Captodiame • Hydroxyzine; Others: Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine • Pheniramine
CRF1 Antagonists Antalarmin • CP-154,526 • Pexacerfont • Pivagabine
NK2 Antagonists GR-159,897 • Saredutant
MCH1 antagonists ATC-0175 • SNAP-94847
mGluR2/3 Agonists Eglumegad
mGluR5 NAMs Fenobam
TSPO agonists DAA-1097 • DAA-1106 • Emapunil • FGIN-127 • FGIN-143
σ1 agonists Afobazole • Opipramol
Others Benzoctamine • Carbetocin • Demoxytocin • Mephenoxalone • Mepiprazole • Oxanamide • Oxytocin • Promoxolane • Tofisopam • Trimetozine • WAY-267,464
#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

: PSO/PSI

(, , , , , , ), /,

, drug(/////)
Antiobesity Agents/Anorectics (A08)
Central
Stimulants 4-Methylamphetamine • Amfecloral • Amfepentorex • Amfepramone • Aminorex • Amphetamine • Amphetaminil • Atomoxetine • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • Bupropion • Cathine • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Ciclazindol • Clobenzorex • Cloforex • Clominorex • Clortermine • Dexfenfluramine • Dextroamphetamine • Dextromethamphetamine • Dexmethylphenidate • Difemetorex • Dimethylcathinone • Diphemethoxidine • Ephedrine • Ephedra • Ethylamphetamine • Etolorex • Fenbutrazate • Fencamfamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine • Fenproporex • Fludorex • Fluminorex • Furfenorex • Indanorex • Khat • Levopropylhexedrine • Lisdexamfetamine • Manifaxine • Mazindol • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine • Methylphenidate • Pemoline • Pentorex (Phenpentermine) • Phendimetrazine • Phenethylamine • Phenmetrazine • Phentermine • Phenylpropanolamine • Pipradrol • Prolintane • Propylhexedrine • Pseudoephedrine • Pyrovalerone • Radafaxine • Reboxetine • Setazindol • Sibutramine • Synephrine • Tesofensine • Viloxazine • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine
Cannabinoids Ibipinabant • Otenabant • Rimonabant • Surinabant • Taranabant
Others 5-HTP • Galactomannan (Guar Gum) • Glucomannan • L-DOPA • L-Phenylalanine • L-Tryptophan • L-Tyrosine • Lorcaserin • Lu AA-33810 • Metformin • Naltrexone • Naloxone • Oxyntomodulin • P57 • Peptide YY • Topiramate • Yohimbine (Yohimbe) • Zonisamide
Peripheral Cetilistat • Dinitrophenol • Oleoyl-Estrone • Orlistat • Simmondsin • Sterculia

: NUT

,

, , /

drug(//)
Hypnotics/Sedatives (N05C)
GABAA receptor
Barbiturates
Ultrashort-acting Methohexital • Thiamylal • Thiopental
Short/intermediate- acting Allobarbital • Amobarbital • Butabarbital • Butobarbital • Pentobarbital • Secobarbital • Talbutal
Long-acting Barbital • Mephobarbital • Phenobarbital
Ungrouped Cyclobarbital • Ethallobarbital • Heptabarbital • Hexobarbital • Proxibarbal • Reposal • Vinylbital • Vinbarbital
Benzodiazepines
Short-acting Brotizolam • Cinolazepam • Doxefazepam • Loprazolam • Midazolam • Triazolam
Intermediate-acting Estazolam • Flunitrazepam • Lormetazepam • Nimetazepam • Temazepam
Long-acting Flurazepam • Flutoprazepam • Nitrazepam • Quazepam
Dialkylphenols Fospropofol • Propofol • Thymol
Nonbenzo- diazepines CL-218,872 • Eszopiclone • Indiplon • Necopidem • Pazinaclone • ROD-188 • Saripidem • Suproclone • Suriclone • SX-3228 • U-89843A • U-90042 • Zaleplon • Zolpidem • Zopiclone
Piperidinediones Glutethimide • Methyprylon • Pyrithyldione • Piperidione
Quinazolinones Afloqualone • Cloroqualone • Diproqualone • Etaqualone • Mebroqualone • Mecloqualone • Methaqualone • Methylmethaqualone
Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol • Allopregnanolone • Alphadolone • Alphaxolone • Eltanolone • Ganaxolone • Hydroxydione • Minaxolone • Org 20599 • Org 21465 • Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
Alpha-adrenergic agonists 4-NEMD • Clonidine • Dexmedetomidine • Lofexidine • Medetomidine • Romifidine • Tizanidine • Xylazine
Melatonin receptor
Melatonin Agomelatine • Melatonin • Ramelteon • Tasimelteon
Histamine receptor & Acetylcholine receptor
Antihistamines & Anticholinergics Amitriptyline • Dimenhydrinate • Doxylamine • Hydroxyzine • Diphenhydramine • Bromodiphenhydramine • Carbinoxamine • Doxepin • Esmirtazapine • Orphenadrine • Mianserin • Mirtazapine • Phenyltoloxamine • Propiomazine • Pyrilamine • Scopolamine
5-HT2A & α1-adrenergic
Selective 5-HT2A & α1-adrenergic antagonists Etoperidone • Nefazodone • Niaprazine • Trazodone
GABAB receptor / GHB receptor
GHB Type 1,4-Butanediol • Aceburic acid • GABOB • gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid • GBL • gamma-Valerolactone
Orexin receptors
Orexin antagonists Almorexant • SB-334,867 • SB-408,124 • SB-649,868 • TCS-OX2-29
Other receptors/ ungrouped
Aldehydes Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate • Chloral hydrate • Chloralodol • Dichloralphenazone • Paraldehyde • Petrichloral
Alkynes Centalun • Ethchlorvynol • Ethinamate • Hexapropymate • Methylpentynol
Carbamates Meprobamate • Carisoprodol • Tybamate • Methocarbamol • Procymate
Other 2-Methyl-2-butanol • Acecarbromal • Acetophenone • Apronal • Bromides • Bromisoval • Carbromal • Chloralose • Clomethiazole • Embutramide • Etomidate • Evoxine • Fenadiazole • Gaboxadol • Loreclezole • Mephenoxalone • Sulfonmethane • Trichloroethanol • Triclofos • Valerian • Valnoctamide
#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

: PSO/PSI

(, , , , , , ), /,

, drug(/////)
Neurotransmitter metabolic intermediates
catecholamines
Anabolism (tyrosine→epinephrine) Tyrosine → Levodopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine
Catabolism/ metabolites

dopamine: DOPAL · DOPAC · MOPET · Hydroxytyrosol · 3-Methoxytyramine · Homovanillic acid

norepinephrine: 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid · Normetanephrine · Vanillylmandelic acid · 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol · Dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol

epinephrine: Metanephrine
tryptophan→serotonin anabolism: 5-Hydroxytryptophan catabolism: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
serotonin→melatonin Normelatonin

: MET

, ////, ////, ///, , ,

///, /, ///, ,

meds(A16, ),intm(////, ////, //, , )
Serotonergics
Receptor ligands
5-HT1A Agonists: Azapirones: Alnespirone • Binospirone • Buspirone • Enilospirone • Eptapirone • Gepirone • Ipsapirone • Perospirone • Revospirone • Tandospirone • Tiospirone • Umespirone • Zalospirone; Antidepressants: Etoperidone • Nefazodone • Trazodone; Antipsychotics: Aripiprazole • Asenapine • Clozapine • Quetiapine • Ziprasidone; Ergolines: Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Lisuride • Methysergide • LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MeO-DMT • 5-MT • Bufotenin • DMT • Psilocin • Psilocybin; Others: 8-OH-DPAT • Adatanserin • Befiradol • Dimemebfe • Ebalzotan • Eltoprazine • F-11,461 • F-12,826 • F-13,714 • F-14,679 • F-15,063 • F-15,599 • Flesinoxan • Flibanserin • Lesopitron • Lu AA21004 • LY-293,284 • LY-301,317 • MKC-242 • NBUMP • Osemozotan • Oxaflozane • Pardoprunox • Piclozotan • Rauwolscine • Repinotan • Roxindole • RU-24969 • S-15535 • Sarizotan • SSR-181,507 • Sunepitron • U-92016A • Urapidil • Vilazodone • Xaliproden • Yohimbine Antagonists: Antipsychotics: Iloperidone • Risperidone • Sertindole; Beta Blockers: Alprenolol • Cyanopindolol • Iodocyanopindolol • Oxprenolol • Pindobind • Pindolol • Propranolol • Tertatolol; Others: AV965 • BMY-7378 • Dotarizine • Flopropione • GR-46611 • Isamoltane • Lecozotan • Metitepine/Methiothepin • MPPF • NAN-190 • PRX-00023 • Robalzotan • S-15535 • SB-649915 • SDZ 216-525 • Spiperone • Spiramide • Spiroxatrine • UH-301 • WAY-100,135 • WAY-100,635 • Xylamidine
5-HT1B Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Methysergide; Piperazines: Eltoprazine • TFMPP; Triptans: Avitriptan • Eletriptan • Sumatriptan • Zolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MT; Others: CGS-12066A • CP-93,129 • CP-94,253 • CP-135,807 • RU-24969 Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: AR-A000002 • Elzasonan • GR-127,935 • Isamoltane • Metitepine/Methiothepin • SB-216,641 • SB-224,289 • SB-236,057 • Yohimbine
5-HT1D Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine • Methysergide; Triptans: Almotriptan • Avitriptan • Eletriptan • Frovatriptan • Naratriptan • Rizatriptan • Sumatriptan • Zolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MT; Others: CP-135,807 • CP-286,601 • GR-46611 • L-694,247 • L-772,405 • PNU-109,291 • PNU-142,633 Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: Alniditan • BRL-15572 • Elzasonan • GR-127,935 • Ketanserin • LY-310,762 • LY-367,642 • LY-456,219 • LY-456,220 • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Ritanserin • Yohimbine • Ziprasidone
5-HT1E Agonists: Lysergamides: Methysergide; Triptans: Eletriptan; Tryptamines: Tryptamine Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
5-HT1F Agonists: Triptans: Eletriptan • Naratriptan • Sumatriptan; Tryptamines: 5-MT; Others: LY-334,370 Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
5-HT2A Agonists: Lysergamides: ALD-52 • Ergonovine • Lisuride • LA-SS-Az • LSD • LSD-Pip • Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide • Methysergide; Phenethylamines: 25I-NBMD • 25I-NBOH • 25I-NBOMe • 2C-B • 2C-B-FLY • 2C-E • 2C-I • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-21 • 2CBCB-NBOMe • 2CBFly-NBOMe • Bromo-DragonFLY • DOB • DOC • DOI • DOM • MDA • MDMA • Mescaline • TCB-2 • TFMFly; Piperazines: BZP • Quipazine • TFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MeO-α-ET • 5-MeO-α-MT • 5-MeO-DET • 5-MeO-DiPT • 5-MeO-DMT • 5-MeO-DPT • 5-MT • α-ET • α-Methyl-5-HT • α-MT • Bufotenin • DET • DiPT • DMT • DPT • Psilocin • Psilocybin; Others: AL-34662 • AL-37350A • Dimemebfe • Medifoxamine • Oxaflozane • PNU-22394 • RH-34 Antagonists: Atypical Antipsychotics: Amperozide • Aripiprazole • Clozapine • Gevotroline • Iloperidone • Melperone • Olanzapine • Paliperidone • Pimozide • Quetiapine • Risperidone • Sertindole • Ziprasidone • Zotepine; Typical Antipsychotics: Loxapine • Pipamperone; Antidepressants: Amitriptyline • Amoxapine • Etoperidone • Mianserin • Mirtazapine • Nefazodone • Trazodone; Others: 5-I-R91150 • AC-90179 • Adatanserin • Altanserin • AMDA • APD-215 • Blonanserin • Cinanserin • Cyproheptadine • Deramciclane • Dotarizine • Eplivanserin • Esmirtazapine • Fananserin • Flibanserin • Ketanserin • KML-010 • Lubazodone • Mepiprazole • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Nantenine • Pimavanserin • Pizotifen • Pruvanserin • Rauwolscine • Ritanserin • Sarpogrelate • Setoperone • Spiperone • Spiramide • SR-46349B • Volinanserin • Xylamidine • Yohimbine
5-HT2B Agonists: Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex • Aminorex; Phenethylamines: Chlorphentermine • Cloforex • DOB • DOC • DOI • DOM • Fenfluramine • MDA • MDMA • Norfenfluramine; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MT • α-Methyl-5-HT; Others: BW-723C86 • Cabergoline • mCPP • Pergolide • PNU-22394 • Ro60-0175 Antagonists: Agomelatine • Asenapine • EGIS-7625 • Ketanserin • Lisuride • LY-272,015 • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Rauwolscine • Ritanserin • RS-127,445 • Sarpogrelate • SB-200,646 • SB-204,741 • SB-206,553 • SB-215,505 • SB-221,284 • SB-228,357 • SDZ SER-082 • Tegaserod • Yohimbine
5-HT2C Agonists: Phenethylamines: 2C-B • 2C-E • 2C-I • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-21 • DOB • DOC • DOI • DOM • MDA • MDMA • Mescaline; Piperazines: Aripiprazole • mCPP • TFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MeO-α-ET • 5-MeO-α-MT • 5-MeO-DET • 5-MeO-DiPT • 5-MeO-DMT • 5-MeO-DPT • 5-MT • α-ET • α-Methyl-5-HT • α-MT • Bufotenin • DET • DiPT • DMT • DPT • Psilocin • Psilocybin; Others: A-372,159 • AL-38022A • CP-809,101 • Dimemebfe • Lorcaserin• Medifoxamine • MK-212 • ORG-37,684 • Oxaflozane • PNU-22394 • Ro60-0175 • Vabicaserin • WAY-629 • WAY-161,503 • YM-348 Antagonists: Atypical Antipsychotics: Clozapine • Iloperidone • Melperone • Olanzapine • Paliperidone • Pimozide • Quetiapine • Risperidone • Sertindole • Ziprasidone • Zotepine; Typical Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine • Loxapine • Pipamperone; Antidepressants: Agomelatine • Amitriptyline • Amoxapine • Etoperidone • Fluoxetine • Mianserin • Mirtazapine • Nefazodone • Nortriptyline • Trazodone; Others: Adatanserin • Cinanserin • Cyproheptadine • Deramciclane • Dotarizine • Eltoprazine • Esmirtazapine • FR-260,010 • Ketanserin • Ketotifen • Latrepirdine • Lu AA24530 • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Methysergide • Pizotifen • Ritanserin • RS-102,221 • SB-200,646 • SB-206,553 • SB-221,284 • SB-228,357 • SB-242,084 • SB-243,213 • SDZ SER-082 • Xylamidine
5-HT3 Agonists: Piperazines: BZP • Quipazine; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT • 5-CT; Others: Chlorophenylbiguanide • Butanol • Ethanol • Halothane • Isoflurane • RS-56812 • SR-57,227 • SR-57,227-A • Toluene • Trichloroethane • Trichloroethanol • Trichloroethylene • YM-31636 Antagonists: Antiemetics: AS-8112 • Alosetron • Azasetron • Batanopride • Bemesetron • Cilansetron • Dazopride • Dolasetron • Granisetron • Lerisetron • Ondansetron • Palonosetron • Ramosetron • Renzapride • Tropisetron • Zacopride • Zatosetron; Atypical Antipsychotics: Clozapine • Olanzapine • Quetiapine; Tetracyclic Antidepressants: Amoxapine • Mianserin • Mirtazapine; Others: ICS-205,930 • Lu AA21004 • Lu AA24530 • MDL-72,222 • Memantine • Nitrous Oxide • Ricasetron • Sevoflurane • Thujone • Xenon
5-HT4 Agonists: Gastroprokinetic Agents: Cinitapride • Cisapride • Dazopride • Metoclopramide • Mosapride • Prucalopride • Renzapride • Tegaserod • Zacopride; Others: 5-MT • BIMU-8 • CJ-033,466 • PRX-03140 • RS-67333 • RS-67506 • SL65.0155 • TD-5108 Antagonists: GR-113,808 • GR-125,487 • L-Lysine • Piboserod • RS-39604 • RS-67532 • SB-203,186
5-HT5A Agonists: Lysergamides: Ergotamine • LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT; Others: Valerenic Acid Antagonists: Asenapine • Latrepirdine • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Ritanserin • SB-699,551 * Note that the 5-HT5B receptor is not functional in humans.
5-HT6 Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Lisuride • LSD • Mesulergine • Metergoline • Methysergide; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT • 5-BT • 5-CT • 5-MT • Bufotenin • E-6801 • E-6837 • EMD-386,088 • EMDT • LY-586,713 • N-Methyl-5-HT • Tryptamine; Others: WAY-181,187 • WAY-208,466 Antagonists: Antidepressants: Amitriptyline • Amoxapine • Clomipramine • Doxepin • Mianserin • Nortriptyline; Atypical Antipsychotics: Aripiprazole • Asenapine • Clozapine • Fluperlapine • Iloperidone • Olanzapine • Tiospirone; Typical Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine • Loxapine; Others: BGC20-760 • BVT-5182 • BVT-74316 • EGIS-12233 • GW-742,457 • Ketanserin • Latrepirdine • Lu AE58054 • Metitepine/Methiothepin • MS-245 • PRX-07034 • Ritanserin • Ro 04-6790 • Ro 63-0563 • SB-258,585 • SB-271,046 • SB-357,134 • SB-399,885 • SB-742,457
5-HT7 Agonists: Lysergamides: LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT • 5-MT • Bufotenin; Others: 8-OH-DPAT • AS-19 • Bifeprunox • LP-12 • LP-44 • RU-24,969 • Sarizotan Antagonists: Lysergamides: 2-Bromo-LSD • Bromocriptine • Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Mesulergine • Metergoline • Methysergide; Antidepressants: Amitriptyline • Amoxapine • Clomipramine • Imipramine • Maprotiline • Mianserin; Atypical Antipsychotics: Amisulpride • Aripiprazole • Clozapine • Olanzapine • Risperidone • Sertindole • Tiospirone • Ziprasidone • Zotepine; Typical Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine • Loxapine; Others: Butaclamol • EGIS-12233 • Ketanserin • LY-215,840 • Metitepine/Methiothepin • Pimozide • Ritanserin • SB-258,719 • SB-258,741 • SB-269,970 • SB-656,104 • SB-656,104-A • SB-691,673 • SLV-313 • SLV-314 • Spiperone • SSR-181,507
Reuptake Inhibitors
SERT Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Alaproclate • Citalopram • Dapoxetine • Desmethylcitalopram • Desmethylsertraline • Escitalopram • Femoxetine • Fluoxetine • Fluvoxamine • Indalpine • Ifoxetine • Litoxetine • Lu AA21004 • Lubazodone • Paroxetine • Pirandamine • RTI-353 • Seproxetine • Sertraline • Vilazodone • Zimelidine; Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): Bicifadine • Desvenlafaxine • Duloxetine • Levomilnacipran • Milnacipran • Sibutramine • Venlafaxine; Serotonin-Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNDRIs): Brasofensine • Diclofensine • DOV-102,677 • DOV-21,947 • DOV-216,303 • NS-2359 • SEP-225,289 • SEP-227,162 • Tesofensine; Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): Amitriptyline • Butriptyline • Cianopramine • Clomipramine • Desipramine • Dosulepin • Doxepin • Imipramine • Lofepramine • Nortriptyline • Pipofezine • Protriptyline • Trimipramine; Tetracyclic Antidepressants (TeCAs): Amoxapine; Piperazines: Nefazodone • Trazodone; Antihistamines: Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine • Diphenhydramine • Mepyramine/Pyrilamine • Pheniramine • Tripelennamine; Opioids: Meperidine (Pethidine) • Methadone • Propoxyphene; Others: Cocaine • CP-39,332 • Cyclobenzaprine • Dextromethorphan • Dextrorphan • EXP-561 • Fezolamine • Mesembrine • Nefopam • PIM-35 • Pridefrine • Roxindole • SB-649,915 • Ziprasidone
VMAT Ibogaine • Reserpine • Tetrabenazine
Releasing Agents Aminoindanes: 5-IAI • ETAI • MDAI • MDMAI • MMAI • TAI; Aminotetralins: 6-CAT • 8-OH-DPAT • MDAT • MDMAT; Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex • Aminorex • Clominorex • Fluminorex; Phenethylamines (also Amphetamines, Cathinones, Phentermines, etc): 2-Methyl-MDA • 4-CAB • 4-FA • 4-FMA • 4-HA • 4-MTA • 5-APDB • 5-Methyl-MDA • 6-APDB • 6-Methyl-MDA • Amiflamine • BDB • BOH • Brephedrone • Butylone • Chlorphentermine • Cloforex • Diethylcathinone • Dimethylcathinone • DMA • DMMA • EBDB • EDMA • Ethylone • Etolorex • Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine) • Flephedrone • IAP • IMP • Lophophine • MBDB • MDA • MDEA • MDHMA • MDMA • MDMPEA • MDOH • MDPEA • Mephedrone • Methedrone • Methylone • MMA • MMDA • MMDMA • NAP • Norfenfluramine • pBA • pCA • pIA • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • TAP; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP • BZP • MBZP • mCPP • MDBZP • MeOPP • Mepiprazole • pFPP • TFMPP; Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET • 4-Methyl-αMT • 5-CT • 5-MeO-αET • 5-MeO-αMT • 5-MT • αET • αMT • DMT • Tryptamine (itself); Others: Indeloxazine • Tramadol • Viqualine
Enzyme Inhibitors
Anabolism
TPH AGN-2979 • Fenclonine
AAAD Benserazide • Carbidopa • Genistein • Methyldopa
Catabolism
MAO Nonselective: Benmoxin • Caroxazone • Echinopsidine • Furazolidone • Hydralazine • Indantadol • Iproclozide • Iproniazid • Isocarboxazid • Isoniazid • Linezolid • Mebanazine • Metfendrazine • Nialamide • Octamoxin • Paraxazone • Phenelzine • Pheniprazine • Phenoxypropazine • Pivalylbenzhydrazine • Procarbazine • Safrazine • Tranylcypromine; MAO-A Selective: Amiflamine • Bazinaprine • Befloxatone • Befol • Brofaromine • Cimoxatone • Clorgiline • Esuprone • Harmala alkaloids (Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrahydroharmine, Harman, Norharman, etc) • Methylene Blue • Metralindole • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole • Sercloremine • Tetrindole • Toloxatone • Tyrima
Others
Precursors L-Tryptophan → 5-HTP
Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) • Magnesium (Mg2+) • Tetrahydrobiopterin • Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide → NADPH) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) • Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) • Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) • Zinc (Zn2+)
Others Activity Enhancers: BPAP • PPAP; Reuptake Enhancers: Tianeptine
Tryptamines

2-Methyl-5-HT • 4-Acetoxy-DET • 4-Acetoxy-DIPT • 4-Acetoxy-DMT • 4-HO-αMT • 4-HO-DIPT • 4-HO-MET • 4-MeO-DMT • 4-Methyl-αET • 4-Methyl-αMT • 5-Benzyloxytryptamine • 5-Bromo-DMT • 5-Carboxamidotryptamine • 5-Fluoro-αMT • 5-HO-αMT • 5-HTP • 5-Fluoro-DMT • 5-Methyl-DMT • 5-Methoxytryptamine • 5-MeO-7,N,N-TMT • 5-MeO-αET • 5-MeO-αMT • 5-MeO-DALT • 5-MeO-DET • 5-MeO-DIPT • 5-MeO-DMT • 5-MeO-DPT • 5-MeO-MIPT • 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine • 7-Methyl-αET • 7-Methyl-DMT • αET • αMT • Aeruginascin • AL-37350A • BW-723C86 • Baeocystin • Bufotenidine • Bufotenin • DALT • Desformylflustrabromine • DET • DiPT • DMT • DPT • Ethocybin • EiPT • EMDT • Ethocin • FGIN-127 • FGIN-143 • Ibogaine • Iprocin • MET • MiPT • Miprocin • Melatonin • MS-245 • NAS • NMT • Norbaeocystin • Normelatonin • Oxypertine • PiPT • Psilocin • Psilocybin • Rizatriptan • Serotonin • Sumatriptan • Tryptamine • Tryptophan • Yohimbine • Yuremamine • Zolmitriptan

Categories: Dietary supplements | Nootropics | Tryptamines | Amino acids

Personal tools
Namespaces
">
Variants
Views
">
Actions
Search">
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Mon Jun 28 20:47:35 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
[Hide]▲